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Liquid jet is a directed flow of liquid moving at a certain velocity and forming a characteristic compact flow region. Such a jet occurs when liquid exits an opening or nozzle, or due to the interaction of various hydrodynamic conditions, including pressure, feed velocity, and the physical properties of the liquid itself.

In nature and engineering, a liquid jet can take various forms and configurations. It may be narrow and stable, with clearly defined boundaries, or branched and turbulent with a heterogeneous structure. Depending on the feeding conditions and surrounding environment, the jet may maintain its cross-section over a considerable distance or quickly disperse, mixing with the surrounding medium.

Liquid jets are commonly encountered in real-world conditions: from water and steam flows in industrial equipment, through river jets flowing out of mountain gorges, to droplet suspensions and aerosols formed during liquid spray processes. Depending on the medium, the jet may interact with other flows, surfaces, or phases, resulting in complex dynamic processes.

The physical characteristics of a jet depend on the liquid — its density, viscosity, surface tension — as well as on parameters of the external environment, such as pressure, temperature, and the presence of other substances. Jets are often a subject of study in hydrodynamics, where their formation, stability, mixing, and propagation processes are investigated.

In engineering, liquid jets are used in a wide range of fields: for cooling and lubrication, irrigation systems, hydrodynamic engines and pumps, as well as in systems for transporting and spraying liquids. Equipment design is carefully planned to achieve the necessary jet profile that ensures optimal performance of technological tasks.

A liquid jet can also be part of natural and anthropogenic processes, including hydrosystems, water bodies, irrigation, and purification systems, emphasizing its importance and versatility in both human activity and nature.

liquid jet

Fluid Flow Dynamics with Ripple Effect