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Welcome to the collection of materials dedicated to the ancient Maya civilization — one of the most significant and mysterious cultures of Pre-Columbian America. If you are interested in the history, archaeology, and ethnography of the peoples of Central America, here you will find detailed information about the development, achievements, and characteristics of the Maya civilization.

The Maya civilization covered the territory of the modern southern regions of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. It began to form around 2000 BCE and reached its peak during the Classic Period (approximately 250–900 CE). On vast plains and dense tropical forests, city-states were built with monumental stone temples, plazas, and palaces. These structures were often situated amid a diverse natural environment — rivers, lakes, mountainous areas, and dense jungles.

The geography of the region varied from humid coastal tropics to mountain ranges and high plateaus. Under such conditions, the Maya developed complex agricultural methods, including irrigation systems, terrace farming, and crop rotation, which ensured sustainable production of crops such as maize, beans, and squash. The economy was supplemented by craft production, trade in precious stones, pottery, and textiles, connecting various cultural regions into a unified exchange network.

An important aspect of the Maya civilization was its writing system — one of the most complex and advanced systems of the Pre-Columbian world, which included hieroglyphs that conveyed both historical chronicles and mythological texts. The Maya also created highly accurate calendars and developed astronomical knowledge that allowed them to calculate planetary cycles and eclipses. These achievements played a key role in religious life and city governance.

The legacy of the Maya civilization is reflected in numerous archaeological complexes, including well-known sites such as Tikal, Palenque, Copán, and Chichen Itza. They provide insights into political structures, social organization, and artistic traditions that carried cultural values through generations. Today, the Maya continue to exist as an ethnic group with rich cultural and linguistic diversity, maintaining a connection to their ancient roots.

The study of the Maya civilization offers extensive material for understanding the evolution of human societies, their interaction with the natural environment, and the development of technology and art. This collection of materials allows for a comprehensive understanding of the life, achievements, and challenges faced by representatives of this unique culture throughout the centuries.

Maya Civilization

Panorama of an ancient Maya city surrounded by dense jungle

Ancient Maya City in the Tropical Forest

View of ancient Mayan pyramids and a plaza with human figures

Ancient Mayan Pyramids in Tenotitchitlan